Individualized (patient-specific) implants
A modern solution for treating complex cases in veterinary medicine. This approach is based on personalised care for each patient. The implants are manufactured using advanced technologies such as 3D printing, taking into account the anatomical features of the specific animal.
Key advantages of individualised implants:
Each implant is designed based on a CT scan of the patient, allowing precise consideration of even the smallest anatomical details. This ensures maximum accuracy during placement and minimises the risk of surgical errors.
High-quality materials:
a) Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), known for its biocompatibility, lightness, and durability.
b) High-resolution photopolymer NextDent SG, used for surgical guides in 3D printing.
Implants are manufactured using 3D printing, enabling high precision and complex geometry that fully conforms to the patient’s anatomy.
Rigorous quality control at every stage of production ensures the highest product standards.
Pre-surgical planning and the use of custom templates significantly reduce surgical time. This is particularly critical in complex cases where precision and speed are vital.
Potential complications often associated with standard, off-the-shelf implants are eliminated, as every aspect is tailored for the individual patient.
Patient-specific implants can solve clinical challenges that are unmanageable with conventional solutions.
List of our implants
HERE
IMPLANTS
Surgical Guides (Turnkey)
These are high-precision tools custom-made for each patient that significantly simplify and accelerate surgical procedures. Developed based on anatomical data from CT scans, they are designed to facilitate the correction of bone deformities and the placement of standard implants.
Stages of Creating and Using Surgical Guides:
CT Scan & Medical History: Please submit CT data and the patient's anamnesis to develop an anatomical model.Analysis and Planning: Based on the CT scan, an anatomical model is built. Bone deformities are analyzed, and osteotomy parameters and implant configuration are defined.Guide Design: Bioengineers create 3D models of the surgical guides for each phase of the operation.Printing Guides and Models: High-precision 3D printing is used to produce both the guides and anatomical models.Preoperative Preparation: The surgeon performs preliminary contouring of the standard implant using the anatomical model.Surgical Procedure: Using the guides, the surgeon performs the osteotomy, positions the bone segments, and places the implant.
Why choose “turnkey” surgical guides?
Personalized approach for each patientShorter operation time, reducing stress on the animalConvenience for the surgeon – each stage is preplanned and executed with high precisionImproved treatment outcomes thanks to optimal correction and secure implant fixation
TOP (Transcutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis)
Customized Ti-Alloy Implant for Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Thoracic and Pelvic Limbs in Animals with Short Residual Limbs
TOP (Transcutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis) is designed for the prosthetic rehabilitation of thoracic and pelvic limbs in animals that have undergone a low-level limb amputation. The implant is developed individually for each patient, taking into account their unique anatomical features to ensure optimal fixation and restoration of limb function. It is an ideal solution for animals that require a high-quality and long-lasting prosthesis to restore mobility and improve quality of life.
Features
▪︎ Customized Design — 3D modeling based on CT or MRI data to precisely match the patient’s anatomy and ensure optimal functional performance of the prosthesis.
▪︎ Material — Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), providing high biocompatibility, lightweight structure, mechanical strength, and long-term durability, ensuring stable prosthesis performance over time.
▪︎ Short Residual Limb Compatibility — Specifically engineered for cases with minimal limb length after amputation, enhancing ease of use and overall comfort for the animal.
▪︎ Optimised Load Distribution — The implant design allows for even load distribution, reducing stress on joints and preventing secondary complications, while also supporting the restoration of natural biomechanical limb function.
Individualized approach for each animal to accurately reproduce anatomical support.
Improved quality of life through a stable and functional limb replacement.
Reduced pain and discomfort during movement due to optimal load distribution.
Long-lasting and reliable prosthesis thanks to the use of titanium alloys, minimizing risks of rejection and wear.
Fast rehabilitation enabled by high prosthesis stability and precision, helping the animal return to normal activity levels.
Additional Options:
Development of models for pre-surgical planning.
Option to select additional components to ensure maximum comfort for the animal.
RCP (Radius Correction Plate)
Plate for correction of antebrachial deformities
RCP Implant is used for the treatment of congenital or acquired deformities of the forearm. The implant facilitates deformity correction by restoring the anatomical motion of joints and proper limb alignment during weight-bearing. This helps prevent the development of secondary deformities and ensures normal limb function.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design — the implant is developed based on a 3D model tailored to the patient’s anatomical structure.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) ensuring high biocompatibility, low weight, and long-term durability.
▪︎ Functionality — restores proper anatomical alignment of the forearm, ensuring even load distribution across the joints.
▪︎ Deformity Correction — prevents the progression of degenerative changes in the carpal and elbow joints.
Restoration of normal joint mobility and function.
Prevention of further deformity progression and complications.
Reduced risk of degenerative changes in the carpal and elbow joints due to even distribution of biomechanical loads.
Improved patient quality of life through normalization of limb function.
Additional Options:
Pre-surgical planning based on custom anatomical models.
Selection of various implant sizes and fixation types tailored to the individual needs of the animal patient.
PAP (Pantarsal Arthrodesis Plate)
Plate for pantarsal arthrodesis
PAP Implant is used for pantarsal arthrodesis in cases of trauma, degenerative joint diseases, or congenital deformities leading to loss of tarsal joint function. The implant provides joint stability, facilitates bone segment fusion, and restores the anatomical alignment of the limb, allowing the patient to regain weight-bearing function and improve quality of life.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design — the implant is developed based on a 3D model that reflects the patient’s specific anatomical features for precise positioning.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) ensuring high biocompatibility, strength, and durability.
▪︎ Functionality — the implant provides reliable fixation of the tarsal joint, ensuring its stability and restoration of limb anatomy.
▪︎ Load Optimization — promotes even distribution of load across the joint, reducing the risk of secondary complications in the future.
Restoration of tarsal joint function following trauma or degenerative changes.
Secure joint fixation to prevent further complications.
Improved limb stability and function, allowing the patient to regain normal mobility and quality of life.
Reduced pain and discomfort during movement, accelerating post-operative recovery.
Additional Options:
Development of models for pre-surgical planning.
Availability of various sizes and fixation options for accurate selection according to the individual needs of the patient.
TKR (Total Knee Replacement)
Total Stifle Joint Replacement
TKR Implant is used for total replacement of the stifle joint in cases of degenerative changes (such as osteoarthritis, arthritis, or trauma) that result in loss of joint function. The prosthesis is implanted using a cementless fixation method, enabling reliable osseointegration and improved limb function.
Features
▪︎ Cementless fixation – the prosthesis is implanted without the use of bone cement, promoting improved osseointegration and long-term durability.
▪︎ Material – titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) ensuring high biocompatibility, lightness, and mechanical strength of the construction; UHMWPE (Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene) is used as the articulating surface material.
▪︎ Osseointegration – the prosthesis design allows bone tissue to integrate with the implant, providing reliable stability and long-term functionality.
▪︎ Enhanced mobility – the specially designed prosthesis supports natural joint movement, reduces pain, and improves the overall quality of motion in the patient.
High fixation reliability due to cementless osseointegration.
Reduced risk of complications associated with the use of cemented fixation systems.
Long-term durability of the prosthesis due to wear-resistant materials.
Improved joint function, reduced pain, and enhanced quality of life for the patient after surgery.
Increased stability and natural mobility of the stifle joint following total joint replacement.
Additional Options:
Development of models for pre-surgical planning.
Custom sizing and fixation options for optimal patient-specific outcomes.
PGR/TRA (Patellar Groove Replacement / Trochlear Ridge Arthroplasty)
Implant for reconstruction of the femoral trochlear groove in the stifle joint
PGR/TRA Implant is used for the treatment of medial or lateral patellar luxation (MPL/LPL), degenerative changes in the femoral trochlear groove, and underdeveloped patellar sulcus. The implant is designed to stabilize the patella and restore normal stifle joint function, preventing recurrent patellar dislocation.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design – creation of a 3D model based on CT scans to ensure precise anatomical fit for the patient.
▪︎ Material – titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), ensuring excellent biocompatibility, light weight, and durability.
▪︎ Polished Surface – the implant features a highly polished articulating surface to reduce friction and improve patellar mobility.
▪︎ Functionality – stabilizes the patella, restores stifle joint function, and helps prevent recurrent luxation.
Restoration of stifle joint stability and reduced risk of recurrent patellar luxation.
Improved joint function and reduced pain in the patient.
Increased longevity of the surgical outcome thanks to high-quality materials and a polished implant surface.
Minimized postoperative discomfort due to precise anatomical fit of the implant.
Additional Options:
Creation of models for pre-surgical planning.
Availability of various implant sizes tailored to the individual anatomical features of the patient.
AAP (Antebrachiometacarpal Arthrodesis Plate)
Plate for carpal joint arthrodesis
AAP Implant is used for carpal joint arthrodesis in cases of trauma, degenerative changes, or diseases that result in loss of joint function. The implant allows stabilization of the carpal joint, restoration of its anatomical alignment, and recovery of normal limb function by securing the bone segments, thereby preventing further joint degeneration.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design – the implant is developed based on a 3D model that reflects the patient’s individual anatomy for precise positioning.
▪︎ Material – titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), ensuring excellent biocompatibility, strength, and long-term durability.
▪︎ Functionality – provides reliable fixation of the carpal joint, preventing further collapse and degenerative changes.
▪︎ Load Optimization – promotes even distribution of forces on the joint structures during rehabilitation, supporting restoration of function.
Restoration of carpal joint function following trauma or degenerative conditions.
Reliable joint fixation with minimized risk of postoperative complications.
Prevention of further degenerative changes and improvement in the patient’s quality of life.
Reduced postoperative pain and discomfort, accelerating the recovery process.
Additional Options:
Development of models for pre-surgical planning.
Selection of various implant sizes and fixation options tailored to the individual needs of the patient.
KAP (Knee Arthrodesis Plate)
Plate for stifle joint arthrodesis
KAP is a custom-designed plate intended for stifle joint arthrodesis in cases where joint function cannot be restored due to severe trauma, degenerative diseases, or other pathologies. It provides reliable stabilization and creates optimal conditions for bone fusion, allowing preservation of the limb’s weight-bearing function.
Features
▪︎ Plate design is based on the patient’s CT data to ensure precise anatomical fit for the animal.
▪︎ Optimally engineered screw holes provide construct stability even under high mechanical load.
▪︎ The plate is manufactured from titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), known for its biocompatibility, strength, and light weight.
▪︎ Use of surgical guides enables highly accurate resection and implant placement, reducing surgery time.
▪︎ The plate ensures limb stability, helping the patient return to active life more quickly after rehabilitation.
Chronic instability or trauma of the stifle joint not responsive to conservative treatment.
Severe degenerative or inflammatory joint conditions.
Ligament rupture or other pathologies preventing restoration of joint function.
Postoperative complications or recurrent injuries requiring radical surgical intervention.
Additional Options:
Development of models for pre-surgical planning.
Availability of various screw sizes and types to ensure optimal fixation stability.
PTO/TPLO (Proximal Tibial Osteotomy/Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy)
Plate for correction of proximal tibial deformities
PTO/TPLO Plates are used to correct deformities of the proximal tibia, such as valgus, varus, torsion, and to adjust the tibial plateau angle. These implants are individually designed for each patient and manufactured using 3D printing, allowing for consideration of specific anatomical features and precise plate positioning.
PTO plates are used to correct deformities of the proximal tibia in cases of normal or moderate tibial plateau angles.
TPLO plates are indicated in cases of steep tibial plateau angles (30° or more), and for cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCL).
Features
▪︎ Custom Design – 3D modeling based on CT scans ensures precise anatomical matching for the individual patient.
▪︎ Material – titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), known for excellent biocompatibility, lightness, and durability.
▪︎ Design – optimized for faster recovery and reduced risk of postoperative complications.
▪︎ Ease of Implantation – anatomical positioning is simplified with surgical guidance tools.
Reduced risk of recurrent luxation
High precision in deformity correction thanks to a personalized approach and use of surgical guides
Shortened surgical time due to detailed preoperative planning
Faster patient recovery after surgery
Additional Options:
Selection of various screw sizes, quantities, and types (locking or cortical) for fixation
Development of models for preoperative surgical planning
ARCP + Spacer (Antebrachial Reconstruction Carpal Plate)
Plate for correction of distal antebrachial deformities, carpal joint arthrodesis, and segmental bone defect replacement
ARCP-implant + Spacer is used for the comprehensive treatment of deformities in the distal radius, carpal joint arthrodesis, and segmental bone defect reconstruction in veterinary patients. This implant is designed to correct angular deformities, stabilize joints, and restore anatomical integrity of the bone segments, allowing for proper limb functionality.
Features
▪︎ Customized Design — the implant is developed based on a 3D model that reflects the individual anatomical features of the patient for precise positioning.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) providing high biocompatibility, strength, and durability.
▪︎ Multifunctional Application — combines deformity correction, joint arthrodesis, and segmental bone defect replacement.
▪︎ Spacer — the use of a spacer ensures the necessary space for fixation and stabilization of the bone segment during healing.
Correction of distal femoral deformities and carpal joint arthrodesis in a single surgical procedure.
Restoration of the anatomical alignment of bones and joints with minimal risk of complications.
Stable bone defect replacement using a spacer and titanium plate.
Improved limb functionality and prevention of further joint degeneration.
Additional options:
Development of models for preoperative surgical planning.
Selection of various sizes and fixation options tailored to the individual needs of the veterinary patient.
SAP (Shoulder Arthrodesis Plate)
Plate for shoulder joint arthrodesis
SAP-implant is used for shoulder joint arthrodesis in veterinary patients with severe trauma, chronic degenerative joint diseases, congenital abnormalities, or after failed treatments of other conditions. The plate provides stable fixation, restores the proper limb axis, and ensures functional weight-bearing.
Features
▪︎ Anatomical design — the plate is shaped to match the canine shoulder joint anatomy, ensuring precise anatomical positioning and ease of implantation.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), offering high biocompatibility, lightweight structure, and mechanical strength.
▪︎ Reliable fixation — compatible with locking and/or cortical screws to achieve stable osteosynthesis of bone fragments.
▪︎ Custom design — developed based on CT imaging to accommodate individual anatomical features of the patient, ensuring optimal implant fit.
Restoration of limb weight-bearing function through stable fixation of the shoulder joint.
Prevention of progressive degenerative changes and complications in adjacent structures.
Minimization of pain and discomfort due to optimized load distribution.
Durability and reliability ensured by the use of titanium alloys.
Accelerated recovery of the animal to a normal level of activity.
Additional options:
Development of 3D models for preoperative surgical planning.
Availability of various screw sizes and types for achieving optimal fixation stability.
DFO (Distal Femoral Osteotomy)
Plate for correction of distal femoral deformities in animals
DFO Plate is used for the treatment of medial or lateral patellar luxation (MPL/LPL) in dogs and cats. The implant is custom-designed for each patient using 3D printing based on CT scan data, allowing precise anatomical adaptation and accurate placement.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design — creation of a 3D model based on CT imaging to match the individual anatomy of the patient.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) providing high biocompatibility, lightness, and durability.
▪︎ Construction — facilitates faster postoperative recovery and reduces the risk of complications.
▪︎ Ease of Placement — simple anatomical positioning enabled by a surgical guide.
Reduced risk of patellar luxation recurrence.
High precision of osteotomy and implant positioning using surgical guides.
Reduced surgical time through detailed preoperative planning.
Faster postoperative recovery of the animal patient.
Additional options:
Selection of screw sizes, quantities, and types (locking or cortical) for optimal fixation.
Preoperative surgical planning through 3D model development.
ARCP (Antebrachial Region Carpal Plate)
Plate for correction of distal antebrachial deformities and carpal joint arthrodesis
ARCP Implant is used for the correction of deformities in the distal antebrachium and for carpal joint arthrodesis in veterinary patients. It ensures reliable fixation and restores limb function. The implant is intended for treating congenital or acquired forelimb deformities and for stabilizing the carpal joint, enabling anatomical alignment of the limb and proper joint functionality.
Features
▪︎ Custom Design — the implant is developed based on a 3D model generated from CT scans, considering the patient’s specific anatomical features for precise positioning.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23) ensures high biocompatibility, strength, and durability.
▪︎ Combined Application — allows simultaneous correction of antebrachial deformities and carpal joint arthrodesis, ensuring stable fixation.
▪︎ Functionality — promotes restoration of limb function and reduces stress on the carpal joint, thereby enhancing joint stability.
Simultaneous correction of distal antebrachial deformities and stabilization of the carpal joint in a single surgical stage.
Restoration of normal limb motion and stability following surgery.
Reduced risk of further deformities and complications due to secure fixation.
Improved quality of life for the patient through restored joint function.
Additional Options:
Development of models for preoperative surgical planning.
Availability of various sizes and fixation types to match the individual needs of the veterinary patient.
EAP (Elbow Arthrodesis Plate)
Plate for elbow joint arthrodesis
EAP Implant is used for elbow joint arthrodesis in cases of severe trauma, degenerative changes, or congenital anomalies that result in loss of joint function. The plate provides secure fixation, joint stabilization, and restoration of anatomically correct limb alignment, which helps minimize pain and restore weight-bearing function.
Features
▪︎ Anatomic Design — the plate is developed considering the specific anatomical features of the elbow joint in animals to ensure precise fixation and even load distribution.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), providing high strength, lightweight properties, and biocompatibility, minimizing the risk of complications or implant rejection.
▪︎ Secure Fixation — allows the use of locking or cortical screws to ensure stable positioning of bone fragments.
▪︎ Custom Design — the plate is individually manufactured based on CT imaging data, enabling adaptation of the implant to the animal's anatomical specifics.
Restoration of limb weight-bearing function due to stable fixation and anatomically correct joint positioning.
Pain and discomfort reduction thanks to the anatomical design of the plate.
Prevention of further degenerative changes in the joint and surrounding structures.
High biocompatibility and durability achieved through the use of titanium alloys.
Accelerated rehabilitation and return of the animal to normal activity levels.
Additional Options:
▸ Choice of screw sizes and types (locking, cortical) for optimal fixation performance.
▸ Custom 3D model design for precise surgical planning.
TER (Total Elbow Replacement)
Total Elbow Joint Prosthesis in Veterinary Surgery
TER Implant is used for total elbow joint replacement in veterinary patients with degenerative joint disease, trauma, or congenital anomalies leading to loss of function. The prosthesis restores the anatomical structure and function of the elbow joint, reducing pain and improving limb mobility.
Features
▪︎ Cementless Fixation — the implant is placed using a cementless technique, ensuring stable osseointegration and natural bone ingrowth.
▪︎ Material — titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, Grade 23), known for its high biocompatibility, strength, and lightness, combined with UHMWPE (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene) as the bearing surface material.
▪︎ Long-Term Functionality — the implant provides durable and stable joint performance, reducing the risk of complications and supporting normal limb motion.
▪︎ Improved Range of Motion — the prosthesis is specifically designed to restore the natural range of elbow movement, relieving pain and minimizing functional limitations.
High fixation reliability due to cementless implantation technique, ensuring optimal osseointegration.
Reduced risk of complications associated with the use of cemented fixation materials.
Improved joint mobility and pain reduction in the elbow, allowing the animal to regain normal limb function.
High wear resistance and long-lasting prosthesis performance without loss of efficiency.
Enhanced postoperative stability and pain relief, accelerating the animal’s rehabilitation process. Additional Options:
3D model development for preoperative surgical planning.
Individual selection of prosthesis sizes and configurations for optimal fixation and functionality.
Surgical Guides for Femoral Deformity Correction Using Standardized Plates
Purpose: The set of veterinary surgical guides is designed to ensure precise osteotomy and correction of femoral bone deformities using standardized bone plates. Their application allows for high surgical accuracy and significantly reduces operative time.
Surgical Guides
▪︎ Wedge Osteotomy Guide Ensures precise execution of the osteotomy according to the pre-planned wedge angles and shape.
▪︎ Bone Positioning Guide Helps reposition the bone into correct anatomical alignment after osteotomy, ensuring accurate deformity correction.
▪︎ Fixation Guide Maintains bone fragments in a stable position and prevents displacement during application of the standardized bone plate.
Key Advantages:
Precision of Correction: Each guide is created based on the individual anatomical features of the animal patient.
Reduced Surgery Time: The use of surgical guides and pre-contouring of the bone plate helps minimize the duration of the procedure.
Improved Surgical Workflow: Eliminates the need for additional intraoperative manipulations.
Personalized Approach: An anatomical bone model (post-correction) allows for preoperative planning and shaping of the standardized plate.
Surgical Guides Produced from High-Quality Medical Polymer (NextDent SG): Ensures accuracy, ease of use, and autoclave sterilization compatibility.
Anatomical Model: Printed from polymer to replicate the bone after deformity correction, enabling pre-contouring of the standard bone plate.
Surgical Guides for Tibial Deformity Correction Using Standardized Plates
Purpose: The set of surgical guides is designed to enable precise osteotomy and correction of tibial deformities using standardized plates in veterinary orthopedic procedures. The use of guides ensures anatomically accurate correction, improves the quality of surgical intervention, and significantly reduces operation time.
Surgical Guides
▪︎ Osteotomy Guide Ensures accurate execution of the osteotomy according to the pre-planned angles and wedge shape.
▪︎ Bone Positioning Guide Stabilizes bone segments in the correct anatomical position following the osteotomy.
▪︎ Fixation Guide Holds bone fragments in a stable position and prevents displacement during placement of the standardized plate.
Key Advantages:
Maximum Precision: Each guide is developed based on the individual anatomical characteristics of the patient.
Reduced Surgery Time: Detailed preoperative planning and the use of surgical guides reduce the duration of the intervention.
Improved Outcomes: Anatomically correct deformity correction is ensured, reducing the risk of postoperative complications.
Convenience: The anatomical model of the tibia allows for advance contouring of the standardized plate prior to surgery.
Surgical guides for femoral trochlear block resection of the stifle joint for placement of a standard implant
Purpose: The surgical guide is used for precise resection of the femoral condyle block of the stifle joint prior to placement of a standard PGR implant. It ensures high surgical accuracy and optimizes the preparation of the articular surface for implantation.
Kit contents
▪︎ Surgical guide: Custom-designed based on CT data of the patient for accurate anatomical positioning.
▪︎ Guide fixation pins: Ensure reliable stabilization of the guide during joint block resection.
▪︎ Prototype and anatomical model set for preoperative planning: Includes surgical guides and anatomical bone models.
▪︎ Technical specifications: Provides instructions for guide application, fixation procedure, and resection parameters.
Key Benefits:
Optimal preparation of the articular surface for placement of the PGR implant.
Precise anatomical adaptation of the implant through preoperative planning.
Reduced surgical stress for the patient.
Minimized risk of errors during trochlear block resection and implant placement.
Surgical guides for correction of antebrachial (radial bone) deformities using standard fixation plates
Purpose: Surgical guides ensure high precision during osteotomy and correction of radial (antebrachial) bone deformities using standard fixation plates. They are designed to stabilize bone fragments in the correct anatomical position, which promotes faster restoration of limb function and helps prevent postoperative complications.
Surgical Guies:
▪︎ Osteotomy Guide Ensures precise execution of wedge-shaped osteotomy according to pre-planned anatomical angles.
▪︎ Bone Positioning Guide Holds bone fragments in the correct anatomical alignment for subsequent placement of the standard fixation plate.
▪︎ Fixation Guide Maintains bone fragment positioning and prevents displacement during the fixation process with the standard plate.
Key Advantages:
High Precision: Each guide is custom-designed to match the patient’s individual anatomical characteristics.
Reduced Surgery Duration: Thorough preoperative planning and an optimized surgical process help minimize operation time.
Result Stability: Accurate deformity correction reduces the risk of degenerative joint changes.
Improved Recovery Quality: Guides promote faster return of limb functionality.
